How to Earn in Blockchain Governance Roles_ Part 1_1
In the rapidly evolving world of blockchain technology, governance roles have emerged as a pivotal aspect of community-driven projects. These roles aren't just about managing the code or technical aspects; they are about ensuring that the project aligns with the vision and values of its community. If you're keen on earning while contributing to the blockchain ecosystem, diving into governance roles could be your golden ticket. Here's how to get started.
Understanding Blockchain Governance
Blockchain governance refers to the set of rules and processes that determine how a blockchain network is managed and operated. It involves decision-making, conflict resolution, and ensuring the smooth operation of decentralized applications (dApps) and protocols. The roles within blockchain governance can range from community representatives to on-chain governance model developers.
Why Governance Matters:
At its core, governance is about fostering a sense of ownership and accountability within a blockchain community. It ensures that the project evolves in a way that benefits all stakeholders, from early adopters to institutional investors. A well-governed blockchain is more resilient, transparent, and likely to thrive in the long run.
Essential Skills for Blockchain Governance Roles
To excel in blockchain governance, a blend of technical and soft skills is required. Here’s a closer look at what you need:
Technical Skills
Blockchain Fundamentals: A solid understanding of blockchain technology, including its architecture, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts, is crucial. Cryptography: Knowledge of cryptographic principles that secure blockchain transactions and protect user data is invaluable. Development Skills: Proficiency in coding languages such as Solidity (for Ethereum smart contracts) or Go (for Hyperledger) can be a big plus.
Soft Skills
Communication: The ability to articulate ideas clearly and persuasively is essential, as you’ll often need to present proposals and gather community support. Critical Thinking: Strong analytical skills to evaluate proposals, assess risks, and make informed decisions. Negotiation: Skills to mediate conflicts and find common ground among diverse stakeholders. Empathy: Understanding the perspectives and concerns of different community members to foster a collaborative environment.
Getting Started in Blockchain Governance
Now that you have a foundational understanding of blockchain governance and the skills required, here’s how to get your foot in the door:
Join a Community
Start by immersing yourself in a blockchain community. Join forums like Reddit’s r/CryptoCurrency, Telegram groups, or Discord channels dedicated to specific blockchain projects. Engaging in discussions, asking questions, and offering insights can help you build your network and visibility.
Participate in Governance Proposals
Most blockchain projects have a governance model that allows token holders to propose changes or vote on key decisions. Begin by reviewing existing proposals and understand the process. As you gain confidence, start drafting your own proposals and presenting them to the community.
Volunteer for Governance Roles
Many projects offer volunteer roles within their governance framework. These roles can range from community governance to technical governance. Look for projects that are looking to onboard new members into their governance team. Volunteering can provide hands-on experience and an opportunity to make meaningful contributions.
Education and Continuous Learning
Blockchain is a fast-moving field, so continuous learning is key. Participate in webinars, workshops, and online courses to stay updated on the latest developments. Platforms like Coursera, Udacity, and edX offer courses on blockchain technology and governance.
Earning Potential in Blockchain Governance
While governance roles often start as volunteer positions, they can offer various earning opportunities:
Token Incentives
Many blockchain projects reward active governance participants with tokens. These tokens can be staked, sold, or traded, providing a direct financial incentive for your contributions.
Advisory Roles
With experience, you might be invited to take on advisory roles for new projects. These roles often come with a stipend or payment in tokens or fiat currency.
Grants and Funding
Some projects and organizations offer grants for governance-related initiatives. These grants can fund specific projects, research, or community-building activities.
Networking and Opportunities
The connections you make within the blockchain community can open doors to new opportunities, including paid consultancy roles, partnerships, or even full-time positions within blockchain firms.
Conclusion
Blockchain governance is a dynamic and rewarding field that combines technical expertise with community engagement. By acquiring the right skills, actively participating in governance, and continuously learning, you can not only make a significant impact in the blockchain ecosystem but also find various avenues to earn while you contribute. In the next part, we’ll dive deeper into advanced strategies, tools, and case studies to further your journey in blockchain governance.
Building on the foundational knowledge from Part 1, this second part will provide you with advanced insights and strategies to not only thrive but excel in blockchain governance roles. From leveraging new tools to learning from successful case studies, we’ll cover everything you need to advance your career in this exciting field.
Advanced Strategies for Blockchain Governance
Deep Dive into On-Chain Governance
On-chain governance involves using smart contracts to automate decision-making processes. Here are some advanced strategies to master this area:
Developing Governance Protocols: Design and implement on-chain governance protocols that allow for transparent and automated decision-making. This can include voting mechanisms, proposal creation, and execution systems.
Smart Contract Audits: Conduct thorough audits of governance smart contracts to ensure security and efficiency. This can also involve collaborating with third-party auditing firms to provide additional layers of security.
Incentive Structures: Create incentive structures within your governance model to encourage participation and reward active community members. This could involve staking mechanisms or token rewards for governance actions.
Leveraging Off-Chain Tools
While on-chain governance handles the technical aspects, off-chain tools can enhance the overall governance experience:
Governance Platforms: Use platforms like Snapshot, Govalot, or Aragon to facilitate proposal creation, voting, and tracking. These tools often come with built-in features for community engagement.
Communication Tools: Utilize communication tools like Discord, Telegram, or Matrix to keep the community informed and engaged. Regular updates, AMAs (Ask Me Anything sessions), and forums can help build a strong, active community.
Analytics Tools: Use analytics tools to monitor participation, voting patterns, and project health. Tools like Gnosis Safe or Tally can provide insights into community sentiment and decision-making trends.
Case Studies and Real-World Examples
Learning from successful projects can provide valuable insights into effective governance practices:
Case Study 1: Ethereum
Project Overview: Ethereum is one of the most well-known blockchain platforms, with a complex and decentralized governance model.
Governance Model: Ethereum’s governance is primarily on-chain, with the Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) driving major changes. The EIP process involves proposing, discussing, and voting on significant upgrades.
Success Factors:
Transparency: All proposals and discussions are publicly accessible. Community Engagement: Active participation from developers and community members in discussions and voting. Iterative Improvements: Continuous refinement of the governance model based on feedback and outcomes.
Case Study 2: Cardano
Project Overview: Cardano is known for its scientific and research-driven approach to blockchain development.
Governance Model: Cardano uses a hybrid model combining on-chain and off-chain governance. The Ouroboros consensus mechanism supports on-chain governance, while off-chain forums and community meetings drive discussions and proposals.
Success Factors:
Scientific Rigor: Governance decisions are backed by rigorous research and analysis. Community Involvement: Extensive community engagement through forums, AMAs, and voting on proposals. Adaptive Model: Flexibility to adapt the governance model based on community feedback and technological advancements.
Maximizing Your Earning Potential
Now that you’ve explored advanced strategies and real-world examples, here’s how to maximize your earning potential in blockchain governance:
Token Rewards and Staking
Staking: Stake your tokens in governance-related projects to earn rewards. Platforms like Polkadot and Cosmos offer staking opportunities that can provide a steady income stream.
Liquidity Mining: Participate in liquidity mining pools to earn rewards for providing liquidity to governance-related decentralized exchanges (DEXs).
Advisory and Consultancy
Advisory Roles: Offer your expertise as an advisor to new or existing projects. This can involve strategic planning, governance model design, or community engagement strategies.
Consultancy Services: Provide consultancy services to blockchain projects looking to enhance their governance framework. This could include protocol audits, governance model optimization, or community engagement strategies.
Grants and Funding
Grant Applications: Apply for grants from organizations like the Ethereum Foundation, Cardano, or other blockchain-focused grant makers. These grants can fund specific projects, research, or community-building activities.
Crowdfunding: Use crowdfunding platforms2. Partnerships and Collaborations: Partner with other blockchain projects or organizations to enhance your governance capabilities and expand your network. Collaborations can lead to joint ventures, shared resources, and new opportunities for earning.
Networking and Community Building
Building a Strong Network
Attend Conferences and Meetups: Participate in blockchain conferences, hackathons, and meetups to meet industry leaders, potential clients, and collaborators. Events like Consensus, Ethereum Summit, and various local meetups can provide valuable networking opportunities.
Online Communities: Actively participate in online communities and forums. Engage in discussions, share your insights, and offer help to others. Platforms like GitHub, Reddit, and specialized blockchain forums can be great places to build your reputation.
Social Media: Use social media platforms like Twitter, LinkedIn, and Clubhouse to share your work, participate in discussions, and connect with industry professionals. Regularly posting valuable content can help you establish yourself as an authority in the field.
Community Engagement
Lead Initiatives: Take the initiative to lead community projects, such as organizing voting sessions, creating educational content, or hosting AMAs. Leadership roles can significantly boost your visibility and credibility.
Mentorship: Offer mentorship to new members in the blockchain community. This not only helps others but also enhances your reputation as an experienced and knowledgeable individual.
Tools and Technologies
Governance Tools
Smart Contract Development: Develop and enhance smart contracts related to governance. This can include creating new governance protocols or improving existing ones.
Voting and Proposal Platforms: Utilize or develop platforms that facilitate transparent and efficient voting and proposal processes. Tools like Snapshot, Govalot, and Aragon are great starting points.
Analytical Tools
Governance Analytics: Use tools to analyze governance data, such as voting patterns, proposal outcomes, and community sentiment. This data can provide insights into community behavior and help refine governance strategies.
Blockchain Explorers: Leverage blockchain explorers to track token movements, transaction histories, and other relevant data that can inform governance decisions.
Continuous Learning
Advanced Courses: Enroll in advanced blockchain and governance courses. Platforms like Coursera, Udacity, and ChainShot Academy offer specialized courses that can deepen your expertise.
Research: Stay updated with the latest research and developments in blockchain governance. Follow academic papers, whitepapers, and industry reports to keep your knowledge current.
Networking with Experts: Regularly interact with blockchain governance experts through webinars, podcasts, and other media. Learning from those who have made significant contributions to the field can provide valuable insights.
Conclusion
By leveraging advanced strategies, tools, real-world case studies, and continuous learning, you can maximize your earning potential and make significant contributions to the blockchain governance ecosystem. Building a strong network, engaging with the community, and staying updated with the latest developments are crucial for long-term success in this dynamic field.
Remember, the key to thriving in blockchain governance is not just understanding the technical aspects but also being able to engage with and influence the community effectively.
How Account Abstraction Will Enable the Next Generation of Crypto Wallets
In the ever-evolving world of blockchain and cryptocurrency, the concept of account abstraction stands at the forefront of innovation. As we move beyond traditional wallets that rely on private keys and complex recovery phrases, account abstraction is paving the way for a new era of secure and user-friendly financial tools. Let’s explore how this revolutionary idea is reshaping the landscape of crypto wallets.
What is Account Abstraction?
Account abstraction fundamentally changes how we think about wallets and ownership in the blockchain ecosystem. Instead of relying on the cumbersome process of managing private keys and recovery seeds, account abstraction allows users to interact with blockchain networks using more familiar and flexible methods. This could include decentralized identifiers (DIDs), multi-factor authentication (MFA), or even simple usernames and passwords, depending on the level of security required.
The Evolution of Crypto Wallets
To understand the significance of account abstraction, let’s take a step back and look at the evolution of crypto wallets. Early wallets were rudimentary, often just a simple tool for holding and transferring cryptocurrencies. As the ecosystem matured, wallets became more complex, incorporating features like hardware security, multi-signature capabilities, and advanced security measures.
Account abstraction takes this evolution a step further by decoupling the wallet from the need for private keys, thereby eliminating many of the security risks associated with key management. By doing so, it not only simplifies the user experience but also enhances the overall security of the wallet.
Benefits of Account Abstraction
Enhanced Security
The primary benefit of account abstraction is enhanced security. Traditional wallets are vulnerable to various attacks, including phishing, key theft, and malware. By abstracting accounts, users can employ robust security measures such as biometric verification, hardware tokens, or even decentralized identity systems without the need for private keys. This makes the wallet more resilient to attacks and reduces the risk of unauthorized access.
User-Friendly Experience
Account abstraction aims to make crypto wallets as easy to use as traditional banking systems. Instead of memorizing complex recovery phrases, users can log in using familiar methods like email or phone number verification. This simplicity lowers the barrier to entry for newcomers and encourages more people to adopt cryptocurrency.
Flexibility and Customization
Another significant advantage is the flexibility and customization it offers. Users can choose the level of security and convenience that best suits their needs. For example, a casual user might prefer a wallet that uses a simple username and password, while a more security-conscious individual might opt for a hardware token with multi-factor authentication. This flexibility ensures that everyone can find a wallet that matches their comfort level and security requirements.
Reduced Complexity
Complexity is a major issue in the crypto space. Many users find the process of setting up and managing a wallet daunting. Account abstraction simplifies this by providing more intuitive and straightforward methods of interaction with blockchain networks. This reduction in complexity makes it easier for more people to participate in the crypto economy.
The Implications for the Future
Account abstraction is not just a technical innovation; it has far-reaching implications for the future of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology as a whole. Here are some of the key areas where it will make a significant impact:
Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
DeFi platforms rely heavily on secure and user-friendly wallet solutions to operate effectively. Account abstraction will enable these platforms to offer more seamless and secure experiences, thereby attracting more users and driving innovation in the DeFi space.
Cross-Chain Compatibility
As the number of blockchain networks grows, so does the need for interoperability. Account abstraction can facilitate cross-chain compatibility by providing a universal method of wallet interaction. This will make it easier for users to manage assets across different blockchains without the need for multiple wallets.
Enhanced User Experience
By simplifying the wallet experience, account abstraction will enhance overall user satisfaction. This will lead to higher adoption rates, more active participation in the crypto ecosystem, and ultimately, greater growth for the entire industry.
Security and Trust
Trust is a critical component of any financial system. By providing enhanced security measures without compromising on convenience, account abstraction will build greater trust in blockchain technology. This trust is essential for the widespread adoption of cryptocurrency and other blockchain-based solutions.
The Technical Underpinnings of Account Abstraction
To fully appreciate the potential of account abstraction, it’s important to understand the technical mechanisms that underpin it. Here are some of the key components:
Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)
DIDs are a part of the broader blockchain identity ecosystem. They provide a way to uniquely identify individuals or entities on the blockchain without relying on centralized authorities. By using DIDs, account abstraction can offer a secure and decentralized method of wallet identification.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
MFA is a security protocol that requires users to provide two or more verification factors to gain access to a resource. In the context of account abstraction, MFA can be used to enhance wallet security by combining something the user knows (like a password) with something they have (like a hardware token).
Smart Contracts
Smart contracts play a crucial role in implementing account abstraction. They can enforce the rules and logic of the wallet without the need for private keys. For example, a smart contract can manage the approval process for transactions, ensuring that only authorized users can initiate transfers.
Cryptographic Techniques
Cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption are essential for maintaining privacy and security in account abstraction. These techniques allow users to prove ownership or the validity of a transaction without revealing sensitive information.
Challenges and Considerations
While account abstraction holds great promise, it is not without its challenges. Here are some key considerations that need to be addressed:
Standardization
One of the biggest challenges is the lack of standardization in the blockchain space. For account abstraction to be widely adopted, there needs to be a consensus on the protocols and standards that will be used. This will require collaboration among developers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies.
Regulatory Compliance
As with any financial innovation, regulatory compliance is a critical concern. Account abstraction must align with existing regulations and ensure that it complies with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) requirements. This will require careful planning and collaboration with regulatory authorities.
Interoperability
Ensuring interoperability between different blockchain networks and wallet systems is another challenge. Account abstraction must be designed in a way that allows seamless interaction across various platforms, which will require robust technical solutions and industry collaboration.
User Education
Finally, there is a need for comprehensive user education. Many people are still unfamiliar with blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. Effective education and onboarding processes will be essential to ensure that users can fully understand and benefit from account abstraction.
Conclusion
Account abstraction is poised to revolutionize the crypto wallet landscape by introducing enhanced security, improved user experience, and greater flexibility. By decoupling wallet functionality from the need for private keys, it simplifies the wallet experience and reduces complexity, making it easier for more people to participate in the crypto economy.
As we look to the future, account abstraction will play a crucial role in the development of decentralized finance, cross-chain compatibility, and overall trust in blockchain technology. While there are challenges to be addressed, the potential benefits are too significant to ignore. With careful planning, collaboration, and education, account abstraction has the power to enable the next generation of crypto wallets and usher in a new era of digital finance.
Stay tuned for part 2, where we’ll delve deeper into the technical innovations and real-world applications of account abstraction, and explore how it will shape the future of cryptocurrency.
How Account Abstraction Will Enable the Next Generation of Crypto Wallets
In the previous part, we explored the foundational concepts and benefits of account abstraction in the world of crypto wallets. Now, let’s dive deeper into the technical innovations and real-world applications that will drive this transformative change. We’ll also examine how account abstraction will shape the future of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology.
Technical Innovations Driving Account Abstraction
Blockchain Identity Systems
At the heart of account abstraction are blockchain identity systems, which provide a decentralized and secure way to identify individuals or entities on the blockchain. Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) play a crucial role in this process. DIDs offer a unique and verifiable identity that can be used to interact with blockchain networks without relying on centralized authorities.
DIDs are based on blockchain technology and can be managed through self-sovereign identity (SSI) protocols. This means that individuals have full control over their identity and can share it only with the entities they trust. DIDs provide a secure and privacy-preserving way to establish identity, making them a cornerstone of account abstraction.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
MFA is another key innovation that supports account abstraction. By requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification, MFA significantly enhances wallet security. Common factors include something the user knows (like a password), something the user has (like a smartphone or hardware token), and something the user is (like a biometric scan).
MFA ensures that even if one factor is compromised, the other factors provide an additional layer of security. This multi-layered approach makes it much harder for attackers to gain unauthorizedHow Account Abstraction Will Enable the Next Generation of Crypto Wallets
In the previous part, we explored the foundational concepts and benefits of account abstraction in the world of crypto wallets. Now, let’s dive deeper into the technical innovations and real-world applications that will drive this transformative change. We’ll also examine how account abstraction will shape the future of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology.
Technical Innovations Driving Account Abstraction
Blockchain Identity Systems
At the heart of account abstraction are blockchain identity systems, which provide a decentralized and secure way to identify individuals or entities on the blockchain. Decentralized identifiers (DIDs) play a crucial role in this process. DIDs offer a unique and verifiable identity that can be used to interact with blockchain networks without relying on centralized authorities.
DIDs are based on blockchain technology and can be managed through self-sovereign identity (SSI) protocols. This means that individuals have full control over their identity and can share it only with the entities they trust. DIDs provide a secure and privacy-preserving way to establish identity, making them a cornerstone of account abstraction.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
MFA is another key innovation that supports account abstraction. By requiring users to provide multiple forms of verification, MFA significantly enhances wallet security. Common factors include something the user knows (like a password), something the user has (like a smartphone or hardware token), and something the user is (like a biometric scan).
MFA ensures that even if one factor is compromised, the other factors provide an additional layer of security. This multi-layered approach makes it much harder for attackers to gain unauthorized access to the wallet.
Smart Contracts
Smart contracts are self-executing contracts with the terms of the agreement directly written into code. In the context of account abstraction, smart contracts play a crucial role in managing wallet operations without the need for private keys. They can enforce rules and logic for transactions, approvals, and other wallet functions.
For instance, a smart contract can automatically approve a transaction if certain conditions are met (like time-based approvals or multi-signature requirements). This reduces the need for private key management and enhances security by offloading these tasks to the blockchain.
Cryptographic Techniques
Cryptographic techniques such as zero-knowledge proofs and homomorphic encryption are essential for maintaining privacy and security in account abstraction. Zero-knowledge proofs allow users to prove ownership or the validity of a transaction without revealing sensitive information. This is particularly useful for privacy-preserving transactions and smart contract interactions.
Homomorphic encryption, on the other hand, allows computations to be performed on encrypted data without decrypting it first. This enables secure and private data processing, which is crucial for maintaining the privacy of wallet operations.
Real-World Applications of Account Abstraction
Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
DeFi platforms are at the forefront of adopting account abstraction technologies. By leveraging DIDs, MFA, and smart contracts, DeFi platforms can offer more secure and user-friendly experiences. This will attract more users to DeFi, driving innovation and growth in the space.
For example, a DeFi wallet using account abstraction can allow users to interact with various lending, borrowing, and trading platforms without the need for private keys. This simplifies the user experience and enhances security, making DeFi more accessible to a broader audience.
Cross-Chain Compatibility
Account abstraction can facilitate cross-chain compatibility by providing a universal method of wallet interaction. This will make it easier for users to manage assets across different blockchains without the need for multiple wallets. By standardizing wallet interactions, account abstraction will promote interoperability and simplify the use of multiple blockchain networks.
For instance, a user could use a single account abstraction-enabled wallet to interact with Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Solana, regardless of the underlying blockchain. This will streamline asset management and enhance user convenience.
Enhanced User Experience
One of the most significant benefits of account abstraction is the enhanced user experience it offers. By simplifying the wallet experience, users can easily manage their assets, interact with smart contracts, and participate in the crypto ecosystem.
For example, a user could log into a wallet using a simple username and password, combined with MFA, without the need to remember complex recovery phrases. This reduces complexity and makes the wallet more intuitive, encouraging more people to adopt cryptocurrency.
Security and Trust
Account abstraction’s focus on enhanced security and privacy builds greater trust in blockchain technology. By providing secure and user-friendly wallet solutions, it addresses many of the security concerns that have hindered the adoption of cryptocurrency.
For instance, by using DIDs and MFA, account abstraction ensures that users’ identities and assets are protected from unauthorized access. This trust is essential for the widespread adoption of cryptocurrency and other blockchain-based solutions.
The Future of Account Abstraction
As we look to the future, account abstraction will play a pivotal role in shaping the next generation of crypto wallets and driving innovation in the blockchain space.
Regulatory Compliance
Ensuring regulatory compliance will be a critical aspect of account abstraction’s future. As blockchain technology continues to evolve, regulatory frameworks will need to adapt to address the unique challenges and opportunities presented by decentralized systems.
Account abstraction can help by providing clear and standardized methods for compliance with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) regulations. By aligning with regulatory requirements, account abstraction will facilitate the adoption of cryptocurrency and other blockchain-based solutions in regulated environments.
Industry Collaboration
Collaboration among developers, industry stakeholders, and regulatory bodies will be essential for the successful implementation of account abstraction. By working together, these parties can address challenges related to standardization, interoperability, and user education.
For example, industry collaboration can lead to the development of common standards and protocols for account abstraction, ensuring that different wallet systems and blockchain networks can interact seamlessly. This will drive innovation and adoption across the industry.
User Education
Effective user education will be crucial for the widespread adoption of account abstraction. Many people are still unfamiliar with blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. Comprehensive education and onboarding processes will be essential to ensure that users can fully understand and benefit from account abstraction.
For instance, educational resources can help users understand the benefits of account abstraction, such as enhanced security and simplified wallet management. By providing clear and accessible information, user education will empower users to confidently participate in the crypto ecosystem.
Next-Generation Wallets
The future of crypto wallets will be shaped by the principles of account abstraction. Next-generation wallets will offer enhanced security, user-friendly interfaces, and seamless interoperability across blockchain networks.
For example, a next-generation wallet could allow users to interact with various blockchains using a single decentralized identifier (DID) and multi-factor authentication (MFA). This will simplify asset management and enhance the overall user experience, making cryptocurrency more accessible and convenient.
Conclusion
Account abstraction is poised to revolutionize the crypto wallet landscape by introducing enhanced security, improved user experience, and greater flexibility. By decoupling wallet functionality from the need for private keys, it simplifies the wallet experience and reduces complexity, making it easier for more people to participate in the crypto economy.
As we look to the future, account abstraction will play a crucial role in the development of decentralized finance, cross-chain compatibility, and overall trust in blockchain technology. While there are challenges to be addressed, the potential benefits are too significant to ignore. With careful planning, collaboration, and education, account abstraction has the power to enable the next generation of crypto wallets and usher in a new era of digital finance.
In the next part, we’ll explore specific case studies and real-world examples of how account abstraction is being implemented in various projects and platforms, and how it is transforming the crypto wallet experience.
Stay tuned for part 3, where we’ll delve into specific case studies and real-world examples of how account abstraction is transforming the crypto wallet experience and driving innovation in the blockchain space.
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